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铁路旅客遭受意外伤害应如何索赔/张建伟

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铁路旅客遭受意外伤害应如何索赔

洛阳铁路运输法院 张建伟 冯兵

铁路旅客在旅途中遭受意外伤害,会给自己带来很大的精神和肉体痛苦,并且造成一定的经济损失。但旅客往往不知道如何索赔,使自己的合法权益得不到保护,因此学会如何索赔就显得特别重要。
一、 旅客一旦受到意外伤害时,应当立即告知铁路工作人员请求救助,并要求其作出书面记录。旅客有权要求铁路工作人员按照铁道部《旅客人身伤害及携带行李损失事故处理办法》的规定,检查旅客伤害程度,及时采取抢救措施,调查意外伤害的发生经过,作出详细的书面记录,并收集不少于两份的受害人、同行人、见证人的证明材料。这样既可以使自己得到及时的救助,也可以使铁路工作人员尽早发现问题,防止更大的意外伤害的发生。同时也留下了经过双方认可的第一手资料,避免将来旅客索赔时与铁路运输企业就损害事实产生分歧。
二、保存好相应的证据材料,如车票、现场目击人的证言、医疗诊断证明和检查治疗费用的单据等。车票是证明旅客与铁路运输企业存在运输合同关系的有效证据,医疗诊断证明是证实旅客是否受到伤害及损伤程度的必要证据,而检查治疗费用的单据更是确定索赔数额的有力证据。缺少这些,就很难向铁路运输企业索赔了。必要时,还可以采取拍照、录音、录像等方式把当时的情况记录下来,以便更充分地证明所受伤害的真实性。
三、与铁路运输企业协商解决赔偿问题。旅客可以本着公平合理的原则与铁路运输企业积极配合、协商处理并尽量就赔偿问题达成一致,这样既能节省时间、减少损失,也能避免不必要的讼累。
四、 诉诸法律。在协商未果或旅客不愿协商解决的情况下,旅客可以向人民法院起诉,请求铁路运输企业承担损害赔偿责任。
1、 在什么情况下,旅客有权向铁路运输企业请求损害赔偿?《中华人民共和国铁路法》第五十八条规定:“因铁路行车事故及其他铁路运营事故造成人身伤亡的,铁路运输企业应当承担赔偿责任;如果人身伤亡是因不可抗力或者受害人自身的原因造成的,铁路运输企业不承担赔偿责任。”《中华人民共和国合同法》第三百零二条规定:“承运人应当对运输过程中旅客的伤亡承担损害赔偿责任,但伤亡是旅客自身健康原因造成的或者承运人证明伤亡是旅客故意、重大过失造成的除外。”《中华人民共和国民法通则》第一百零六条第三款规定:“没有过错,但法律规定应当承担民事责任的,应当承担民事责任。”上述法律均规定了对铁路运输企业在运输过程中发生旅客人身伤亡的,适用无过错责任,即旅客在运输中出现伤亡,只要不是“不可抗力或者旅客自身原因造成的”,不论铁路运输企业主观上有无过错,旅客均有权向其请求损害赔偿。
2、 应列谁为被告?《铁路法》第七十二条规定:“本法所称国家铁路运输企业是指铁路局或铁路分局。”最高人民法院《关于适用〈中华人民共和国民事诉讼法〉若干问题的意见》第四十一条规定:“法人非依法设立的分支机构,或者虽依法设立,但没有领取营业执照的分支机构,以设立该分支机构的法人为当事人。”据此,旅客因遭受意外伤害起诉时,应列给自己造成损害的铁路分局为被告,而不应列铁路分局下属的车站或客运段等单位为被告。
3、 应向哪个法院起诉?根据《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》和最高人民法院《关于铁路运输法院对经济纠纷案件管辖范围的规定》的有关规定,旅客遭受意外伤害的,可以选择到意外伤害发生地、铁路运输企业主要营业地(铁路分局所在地)的人民法院或铁路运输法院起诉。
4、请求损害赔偿的范围。旅客有权请求铁路运输企业赔偿因遭受意外伤害而产生的医疗费、因误工减少的收入、残疾者生活补助费等费用,造成旅客死亡的,旅客的法定继承人有权要求铁路运输企业支付丧葬费、死者生前抚养的人必要的生活费等费用。同时,不影响旅客按照国家有关铁路旅客意外伤害强制保险规定获取保险金。

通信地址:河南省洛阳市廛河区陇海路洛阳铁路运输法院
电 话:0379——2722967、2721947



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河北省人民政府关于电视大学、函授大学、夜大学、职工大学、业余大学毕业生和自学成才人员使用问题的暂行办法

河北省人民政府


河北省人民政府关于电视大学、函授大学、夜大学、职工大学、业余大学毕业生和自学成才人员使用问题的暂行办法
河北省人民政府



各地区行政公署,各市、县人民政府,省政府各部门:
为充分发挥电视大学、函授大学、夜大学、职工大学、业余大学(以下简称“五大”)毕业生和自学成才人员在四化建设中的作用,妥善解决好对这部分人员的使用问题,根据国务院有关文件规定,制定如下暂行办法:
一、“五大”毕业生和自学成才人员是指经省政府批准,教育部备案的电视大学、函授大学、夜大学、职工大学、业余大学的毕业生和经高等教育自学考试取得高等院校本科或专科毕业证书,国家承认其学历的人员。
二、要用战略眼光看待“五大”毕业生和自学成才人员的使用问题,大力支持在职职工和社会闲散人员报考“五大”深造,积极提倡自学活动,更多地培养各类专业技术人才,为我省四化建设服务。
三、对“五大”毕业生和自学成才人员,视本人情况,可以当干部,也可以当工人,要本着用其所学、发挥所长的原则,合理安排使用。
四、在全民或集体企事业单位当工人的“五大”毕业生和自学成才人员,需要调整到干部岗位上的,一般实行干部聘用制。对其中有突出成绩和入学前在干部岗位上工作多年的,可录用为干部;对被评为县以上或地、市以上系统内劳动模范、先进工作者,以及获地、市以上科研成果奖
的,可以优先录用为国家干部。在企事业单位已经定为国家正式干部的,不再改变。
五、坝上和深山区以及自愿到这些地区工作的“五大”毕业生和自学成才人员,如当地工作需要,符合干部条件,均可录用为国家干部。
六、农业户口的“五大”毕业生和自学成才人员,一般可在当地乡镇选聘为合同制干部,担任乡镇副股级以上职务的,可以录用为国家干部。坝上和深山区的此类人员,录用为国家干部的条件可适当放宽。
七、城镇待业的“五大”毕业生和自学成才人员,根据工作需要,可聘用为干部,优秀的也可录用为国家干部。有招干指标时,要优先从这部分人员中招收录用。
八、录用“五大”毕业生和自学成才人员为国家干部,其指标额从自然减员和增人指标中解决,由地、市以上劳动人事部门统一掌握使用。
九、凡录用为国家干部的“五大”毕业生和自学成才人员,规定有一年试用期。经试用符合干部条件的,由原批准机关批准,转为正式干部;不符合干部条件的,给予辞退或恢复原工人身份。
十、在职的“五大”毕业生和自学成才人员,用非所学、专业不对口的,要立足本单位、本系统和本地区内调整。本单位、本系统、本地区调整不了的,也可跨地区、跨系统调整。
十一、招收录用“五大”毕业生和自学成才人员当干部,要认真进行业务技术考核和审查,坚持条件,保证质量,按隶属关系报地、市以上劳动人事局(人事局)审查批准。省直由省劳动人事厅审批。
十二、对省政府批准,教育部备案,国家承认其大专学历,不属“五大”范围的其它各类成人高校毕业生,也按本办法执行。



1986年1月3日

Provisions for Import and Export of Anabolic Agents and Peptide Hormones (Interim)

State Food and Drug Administration General Administration of Customs of the People’s Republic of China


Provisions for Import and Export of Anabolic Agents and Peptide Hormones (Interim)




(SFDA Decree No. 25)

The Provisions for Import and Export of Anabolic Agents and Peptide Hormones (Interim), adopted by the State Food and Drug Administration, the General Administration of Customs of the People’s Republic of China and the General Administration of Sport of China, is hereby promulgated in the decree sequence number of the State Food and Drug Administration and shall come into force as of September 1, 2006.


Shao Mingli
Commissioner
State Food and Drug Administration

Mou Xinsheng
Minister
General Administration of Customs of the People’s Republic of China

Liu Peng
Minister
General Administration of Sport of China
July 28, 2006





Provisions for Import and Export of Anabolic Agents and Peptide Hormones (Interim)


Article 1 The Provisions are formulated with a view to standardizing the administration of import and export of anabolic agents and peptide hormones in accordance with the Drug Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China, Customs Law of People's Republic of China, Anti-doping Regulations and other relevant laws and administrative regulations.

Article 2 The State adopts license control on the import and export of anabolic agents and peptide hormones.

Article 3 The importer shall apply for the importation of anabolic agents and peptide hormones to the State Food and Drug Administration.

Article 4 For the importation of anabolic agents and peptide hormones for medical purpose, the importers shall submit the following materials:
(1) Application Form for Drug Import;
(2) Copy of the purchasing contract or order form;
(3) Copy of the Import Drug License (or the Pharmaceutical Product License) (original or duplicate);
(4) Copy of the Drug Supply Certificate, Business License for Enterprises as a Legal Person, Qualification Certificate for Import and Export Enterprise (or Foreign Trade Operator Filing and Registration Form) and Organization Code Certificate of the importer; to import drug substance and intermediate preparations including preparations to be repackaged in China for their own needs, drug manufacturers shall submit copies of the Drug Manufacturing Certificate, Corporate Business License and Organization Code Certificate;
(5) Where holders of the Import Drug License (or the Pharmaceutical Product License) entrust other companies to export their drugs, they shall provide the authorization letter for export.

All copies mentioned above should be stamped with the official seal of the importer.

Article 5 For the importation of anabolic agents and peptide hormones for teaching and scientific research purposes, the importers shall submit the following materials:
(1) Application Form for Drug Import;
(2) Copy of the purchasing contract or order form;
(3) Certificates of legitimate qualifications of users in China, calculation basis for the quantity of the drug in use and letter of guarantee issued by the user for legitimate use and management of the drug;
(4) Approval documents for relevant scientific research projects or approval documents of relevant competent authority;
(5) Where entrusted by users for importation, importers shall provide copies of the authorization agreement, the Business License for Enterprises as a Legal Person, Qualification Certificate for Import and Export Enterprise (or Foreign Trade Operator Filing and Registration Form) and Organization Code Certificate of the importers.

All copies mentioned above should be stamped with the official seal of the importer.

Article 6 Where a enterprise in China entrusted by an overseas enterprise for contract manufacturing needs to import anabolic agents and peptide hormones, it shall provide materials required in Items (1), (3) and (5) of Paragraph 1 of Article 5, in addition, official documents to prove recorded by the local (food and) drug regulatory department of the province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Government.

All copies mentioned above should be stamped with the official seal of the importer.

Article 7 The State Food and Drug Administration shall decide whether or not to approve the import within 15 working days after receiving the application for import and the relevant materials. Where the application is approved, the State Food and Drug Administration shall issue the Import License for the drug; where the application is not approved, the State Food and Drug Administration shall give reasons in writing.

Article 8 The importer may declare to the customs of the ports where drug importation is permitted upon presenting the Import License for the drug issued by the State Food and Drug Administration. The customs shall clear the drug in the presence of the Import License for the drug.
The Drug Import Note is not required for import of anabolic agents and peptide hormones.

Article 9 To import anabolic agents and peptide hormones including those sold in China for the first time for medical purpose, the importer shall fill in the Import Drug Clearance Form timely after going through the import formalities and submit the following materials in duplicate to the (food and) drug regulatory department where the port of entry is located, upon presenting the original Import Drug License (or the Pharmaceutical Product License) (original or duplicate) and the original Import License for the drug, to apply for the Notice of Import Drug Port Test:
(1) Copies of the Import Drug License (or Pharmaceutical Product License) (original or duplicate) and the Import License for the drug;
(2) Copies of the Drug Manufacturing Certificate or Drug Supply Certificate, and Copy of the Business License for Enterprises as a Legal Person.
(3) Copy of the certificate of origin;
(4) Copy of the purchasing contract;
(5) Copies of packing list, bill of lading and freight invoice;
(6) Copy of the certificate of analysis;
(7) Format of drug insert sheet, package and label (except for drug substance and intermediate preparation);

All copies mentioned above should be stamped with the official seal of the importer.

Article 10 After checking the received Import Drug Clearance Form and relevant materials, the port (food and) drug regulatory department shall return the original Import Drug License (or Pharmaceutical Product License) (original or duplicate) and the original Import License for the drug to the importer, and send the Notice of Import Drug Port Test, along with a copy of the dossier as prescribed in Article 9 of the Provisions, to the port drug testing institute on the same day.

After receiving the Notice of Import Drug Port Test, the port drug testing institute shall contact the importer within two working days and conduct sampling on the storage site. Upon the completion of the sampling, the mark “sampled” shall be stamped on the back of the first page of the original Import License for the drug, with the seal of sampling institute affixed.

Article 11 Anabolic agents and peptide hormones imported for teaching and research purposes or for the domestic manufacturing contracted by overseas enterprises are exempted from testing.

Article 12 The port (food and) drug regulatory department shall report timely to the State Food and Drug Administration in any of the following circumstances:
(1) The port (food and) drug regulatory department refuses to issue the Notice of Import Drug Port Test in accordance with the provisions in Article 17 of the Provisions for Import Drug (Decree No. 4 of the State Food and Drug Administration and the General Administration of Customs);
(2) The port (food and) drug testing institute refuses the sampling in accordance with the requirements in Article 25 of the Provisions for Import Drug.

The port (food and) drug regulatory department shall take mandatory administrative measures to seal up or seize all the imported drugs within the situations prescribed in the previous paragraph. It shall make the decision of allowing shipping back within seven days from the date of the seal-up or seizure, and inform the importer of applying for the Export License for the drug according to the export procedures for anabolic agents and peptide hormones prescribed in the Provisions and return all the import drugs to the original exporting country.

Where the importer fails to respond or make clear its intention to ship back the drugs within ten days after being informed of the decision, the sealed up or seized drugs shall be destroyed under the supervision of the port (food and) drug regulatory department.

Article 13 For imported anabolic agents and peptide hormones out of specifications upon testing by the port drug testing institute, the importer shall provide a detailed report about the distribution and use of all the imported drugs to the port (food and) drug regulatory department where the importer is located within two days after receiving the Import Drug Test Report.

After receiving the Import Drug Test Report, the port (food and) drug regulatory departments shall take mandatory administrative measures to timely seal up or seize all the drugs and, within seven days, decide whether or not to place the case on file.

Where the importer fails to apply for a retesting within the specified timeline or the result of the retesting is still out of specifications, the port (food and) drug regulatory department shall make the decision of allowing shipping back and notify the importer to apply for the Export License for the drug according to export procedures for anabolic agents and peptide hormones prescribed in the Provisions to return all the imported drugs to the original exporting country. Where the importer fails to respond or make clear its intention to ship back the drugs within ten days from the date of receiving the decision, the drugs shall be destroyed under the supervision of the port (food and) drug regulatory department.

Where the result of retesting is in compliance with the specifications, the port (food and) drug regulatory department shall remove the mandatory administrative measures of seal-up and seizure.

The port (food and) drug regulatory department shall handle the case according to the provisions in Paragraph 2, Paragraph 3 and Paragraph 4 of this Article and report the result to the State Food and Drug Administration, and, at the same time, notify the (food and) drug regulatory departments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government as well as other port (food and) drug regulatory departments.

Article 14 Where domestic drug manufacturers, distributors and medical institutions purchase imported anabolic agents and peptide hormones, the supplier shall provide copies of the Import Drug License (or Pharmaceutical Product License), the Import License for the drug and the Import Drug Test Report, and affix its official seal to the abovementioned copies.

Article 15 The exporter shall apply for exportation of anabolic agents and peptide hormones to the (food and) drug regulatory department of the province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Government, where it is located, and submit the following materials:
(1) Application Form for Drug Export;
(2) Original import permit (or its copy with notarization) provided by the drug regulatory authority of the importing country or region.
If the importing country or region has no license system in the importation of anabolic agents and peptide hormones, the exporter shall provide the official document (original) of the drug regulatory authority of the importing country or region to prove that the import of the drugs of this type is exempted from the import permit, along with one of the following documents:
a. Original official document (or its copy with notarization) granting import provided by the drug regulatory authority of the importing country or region;
b. Certificates of legitimate qualifications of importers and original supporting document (or its copy with notarization) proving legitimate use of the drug;
(3) Copy of the purchasing contract or order form (except for manufacturers that export their own products);
(4) Copy of the export contract or order form;
(5) Where the export drug is an approved one produced by a domestic manufacturer, the Drug Manufacturing Certificate and Business License for Enterprises as a Legal Person of the manufacturer and a copy of the approval document of the drug shall be provided;
Where the export drug is produced by a domestic enterprise under contract of an overseas enterprise, the exporter shall provide a copy of the official document to prove recorded by the local (food and) drug regulatory department of the province, autonomous region and municipality directly under the Central Government.
(6) Copies of the Business License for Enterprises as a Legal Person, Qualification Certificate for Import and Export Enterprise (or Foreign Trade Operator Filing and Registration Form) and Organization Code Certificate of the exporter.

All copies mentioned above should be stamped with the official seal of the exporter.

Article 16 Where the drugs are to be shipped back in accordance with the requirements in Article 12 and Article 13 of the Provisions, the exporter shall provide the following materials to apply for the Export License for the drug:
(1) Documents proving the request for return of goods made by the original exporter of the exporting country;
(2) Import License for the drug.

Article 17 The (food and) drug regulatory department of the province, autonomous region and municipality directly under the Central Government shall decide whether or not to approve the export within 15 working days after receiving the export application and relevant materials.

Where the application is approved, the regulatory department shall issue the Export License for the drug; where the application is not approved, the regulatory department shall give reasons in writing.

Where the Export License for the drug is applied for in accordance with the requirements in Article 16 of the Provisions, the issuing authority shall mark “return of the original goods” on the Export License for the drug.

Article 18 The exporter may go through the customs formalities upon presenting the Export License for the drug issued by the (food and) drug regulatory department of the province, autonomous region and municipality directly under the Central Government. The customs shall clear the drug in the presence of the Export License for the drug.

Article 19 The importer and exporter shall provide one more sheet of customs declaration form and apply for sign-back of the sheet when going through the customs formalities. The customs shall stamp the “proof seal” on the sheet in the presence of the Import License for the drug and Export License for the drug. The customs shall charge the cost according to the relevant regulations for issuing certificates.

The importer and exporter shall return the first sheet of the Import License for the drug or Export License for the drug along with the customs declaration form with the seal of the customs, to the issuing regulatory department within one month after completing the import and export.

Where the importer or exporter conducts no relevant importation or exportation after obtaining the Import License for the drug and Export License for the drug, the importer or exporter shall return the original license to the issuing regulatory department within one month after expiration of the license.

Article 20 The validation of the Import License for the drug is one year; the validation of the Export License for the drug is no more than three months (valid within the calendar year).

“One license for one customs clearance” is implemented for the Import License for the drug and Export License for the drug. The license shall be used only once within the validation and its content shall not be altered. Where the import or export is postponed for some reasons, the importer or exporter may request for a new license once with the original one.

Article 21 Where the Import License for the drug or Export License for the drug is lost, the importer or exporter shall report the loss to the original issuing authority in writing immediately. After receiving the loss report, the original issuing authority shall notify the port customs and reissue the license if no harmful consequences are found through confirmation.

Article 22 The Import License for the drug and Export License for the drug are uniformly printed by the State Food and Drug Administration.

Article 23 Where anabolic agents and peptide hormones are imported or exported in the form of processing trade, the customs shall go through and supervise the clearance formalities upon presentation of the Import License for the drug or Export License for the drug. Those not exported for special reasons shall be transferred to and handled by the local (food and) drug regulatory department in accordance with relevant regulations, and the customs shall conduct the verification and cancellation procedures in the presence of relevant documents.

Article 24 Anabolic agents and peptide hormones entering or leaving between bonded zones, export processing zones, other special Customs controlling areas, Customs bonded and controlling areas, with overseas, or between the special Customs controlling areas and the Customs bonded and controlling areas are exempt from application for the Import License for the drug or Export License for the drug, and supervised by the Customs.

Import License for the drug shall be applied for anabolic agents and peptide hormones entering from bonded zones, export processing zones, other special Customs controlling areas and Customs bonded and controlling areas into other places in China.

Export License for the drug shall be applied for anabolic agents and peptide hormones entering bonded zones, export processing zones, other special Customs controlling areas and Customs bonded and controlling areas from other places of China.

Article 25 Where an individual carries or mails anabolic agents and peptide hormones, within a reasonable amount, into or out of China for medical needs, the customs shall clear the drugs in the presence of prescriptions of medical institutions in accordance with relevant regulations on prescriptions of the competent health department.

Article 26 Besides prescribed in the Provisions, the importation, port test, supervision and control of anabolic agents and peptide hormones for medical purpose are implemented with reference to requirements related to drug importation in the Provisions for Drug Importation.

Article 27 Anabolic agents and peptide hormones imported for medical purpose mentioned in the Provisions refer to the import anabolic agents and peptide hormones to be used for preparation production or to be marketed in China.

Importer refers to the importer specified on the Import License for the drug obtained in accordance with the Provisions.

Exporter refers to the exporter specified on the Export License for the drug obtained in accordance with the Provisions.

Article 28 These Provisions shall go into effect as of September 1, 2006. The Notice on Import and Export of Anabolic Agents and Peptide Hormones (Guo Shi Yao Jian An [2004] No. 474) issued by the State Food and Drug Administration on September 30, 2004 shall be annulled therefrom.